Unconsciousness is when a person is unable to respond to people and activities. Often, this is called a coma or being in a comatose state.
Other changes in awareness can occur without becoming unconscious. Medically, these are called "altered mental status" or "changed mental status." They include sudden confusion, disorientation, or stupor.
Unconsciousness or any other sudden change in mental status must be treated as a medical emergency.
If someone is awake but less alert than usual, ask a few simple questions, such as:
- What is your name?
- What is the date?
- How old are you?
Considerations
Being asleep is not the same thing as being unconscious. A sleeping person will respond to loud noises or gentle shaking -- an unconscious person will not.An unconscious person cannot cough or clear his or her throat. This can lead to death if the airway becomes blocked.
Causes
Unconsciousness can be caused by nearly any major illness or injury, as well as substance abuse and alcohol use.Brief unconsciousness (or fainting) is often caused by dehydration, low blood sugar, or temporary low blood pressure. However, it can also be caused by serious heart or nervous system problems. Your doctor will determine if you need tests.
Other causes of fainting include straining during a bowel movement, coughing very hard, or breathing very fast (hyperventilating).
Symptoms
The person will be unresponsive (does not respond to activity, touch, sound, or other stimulation).The following symptoms may occur after a person has been unconscious:
- Confusion
- Drowsiness
- Headache
- Inability to speak or move parts of his or her body (see stroke symptoms)
- Lightheadedness
- Loss of bowel or bladder control (incontinence)
- Rapid heartbeat (palpitations)
- Stupor
First Aid
1.
Call
or tell someone to call medical help.
2.
Check
the person's airway, breathing, and pulse frequently. If necessary, begin
rescue breathing and CPR.
3.
If
the person is breathing and lying on the back, and you do not think there is a spinal injury,
carefully roll the person toward you onto the side. Bend the top leg so both
hip and knee are at right angles. Gently tilt the head back to keep the airway
open. If breathing or pulse stops at any time, roll the person on to his back
and begin CPR.
4.
If
you think there is a spinal injury, leave the person where you found them (as
long as breathing continues). If the person vomits, roll the entire body at one
time to the side. Support the neck and back to keep the head and body in the
same position while you roll.
5.
Keep
the person warm until medical help arrives.
6.
If
you see a person fainting, try to prevent a fall. Lay the person flat on the
floor and raise the feet about 12 inches.
7.
If
fainting is likely due to low blood
sugar, give the person something sweet to eat or drink when they
become conscious.
DO NOT
- Do NOT give an unconscious person any food or drink.
- Do NOT leave the person alone.
- Do NOT place a pillow under the head of an unconscious person.
- Do NOT slap an unconscious person's face or splash water on the face to try to revive him.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call medical help if the person is unconscious and:- Does not return to consciousness quickly (within a minute)
- Has fallen down or been injured, especially if bleeding
- Has diabetes
- Has seizures
- Has lost bowel or bladder control
- Is not breathing
- Is pregnant
- Is over age 50
- Feels chest pain, pressure, or discomfort, or has a pounding or irregular heartbeat
- Can't speak, has vision problems, or can't move the arms and legs
Prevention
- Avoid situations where your blood sugar level gets too low.
- Avoid standing in one place too long without moving, especially if you are prone to fainting.
- Get enough fluid, particularly in warm weather.
- If you feel like you are about to faint, lie down or sit with your head bent forward between your knees.
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